Cell+Structures+and+Functions



Click on the link above for the review sheet we worked on in class.

Seven Function All Living Things Must Perform
The major difference between living and non-living things is that **all living things are made up of one or more cells**. These basic units can perform all processes associated with life. Living things must perform 7 functions in order to survive. MRS GREN is an acronym to help us remember those 7 functions.

**M**ovement - All living things move. **R**espiration - Plants and animals use oxygen in the air to turn food into energy. THIS IS NOT BREATHING. **S**ensitivity - All living things notice changes in the environment around them and react.

**G**rowth - All living things grow. **R**eproduction - All living things reproduce. **E**xcretion - Waste products are removed. **N**utrition - Living things need nutrition - whether it is obtained or if they produce it (photosynthesis).

First Observations of Cells
With the invention of the microscope, came the discovery of cells. __Robert Hooke__: Built his own microscope and looked at a thin slice of cork. He saw empty rectangular rooms that he called "cells". __Anton van Leeuwenhoek__: Built a simple microscope. He looked at pond water and noticed single celled organisms moving in the water and called them "animalcules".

The Cell Theory

 * Every living thing is made up of one or more cells.
 * Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
 * If an organism is unicellular, all functions of life happen within that one cell.
 * If an organism is multicellular, different cells have different jobs and they all work together.
 * Cells come from other cells.

Unicellular Organisms are made up of one cell and all seven functions of life occur in that one cell. Multicellular Organisms are made up of many cells. The cells have specialized functions and they work together to perform the seven functions of life. The file below describes specialized cells and the organization of life.



Organization of Life
Cell: The smallest unit of life capable of performing the seven functions of life. Tissue: A group of the same kind of cell working together. Example: Muscle cells group in bundles. Organ: Two or more tissues that work together to perform a job. Example: Heart System: Two or more organs working together to perform a major job. Example: Muscular System Organism: Any living thing that is made up of cells and performs the seven functions of life.

Cells make tissues. Tissues make organs. Organs make systems. Systems make organisms. (Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things!)



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Organelles
Cells have tiny structures within them that perform certain jobs for the cell, theses structures are called organelles. We will be studying the organelles in plant and animal cells.

__Nucleus__ - Holds the genetic information (DNA) for the cell. DNA controls everything in the cell. __Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)__ - Network of tubes that transports proteins. __Ribosomes__ - Makes proteins and can be found attached to the ER or floating in the cytoplasm. __Mitochondria__ - Produces energy to fuel the cell's activities. Known as the 'power house'. __Lysosome__ - Act as the digestive system helping break down old and unneeded parts of the cell. __Golgi Bodies__ - Looks like a stack of pancakes and packages proteins. __Cell Membrane__ - Controls what enters and exits the cell. __Cytoplasm__ - A fluid that fills the cell. __Vacuole__ - A small organelle used for storage.
 * Animal Cell **

*__Cell Wall__ - Thick, rigid layer that surrounds the plant cell. Provides support and structure. *__Chloroplast__ - Food producer for the plant cell. Uses energy from the sun to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis) __Vacuole__ - A large, fluid-filled space that takes up much of the plant cell's volume. Helps maintain it's shape and can be used as storage. __Nucleus__ - Holds the genetic information (DNA) for the cell. DNA controls everything in the cell. __Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)__ - Network of tubes that transports proteins. __Ribosomes__ - Makes proteins and can be found attached to the ER or floating in the cytoplasm. __Mitochondria__ - Produces energy to fuel the cell's activities. Known as the 'power house'. __Golgi Bodies__ - Looks like a stack of pancakes and packages proteins. __Cell Membrane__ - Controls what enters and exits the cell. __Cytoplasm__ - A fluid that fills the cell.
 * Plant Cell **